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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Plan projectif complexe</span></h1>
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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" lang="fr" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="fr" dir="ltr"><p>En <a href="Math%C3%A9matiques" title="Mathématiques">mathématiques</a>, le <b>plan projectif complexe</b>, généralement noté <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbb {P} ^{2}(\mathbb {C} )}">
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<mi mathvariant="double-struck">P</mi>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
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<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
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<mi mathvariant="double-struck">C</mi>
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<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbb {P} ^{2}(\mathbb {C} )}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a8a189c7d9f318cf0a172209fe84b7e6966be6d2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.962ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbb {P} ^{2}(\mathbb {C} )}" loading="lazy"></span> ou <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbb {C} P^{2}}">
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">C</mi>
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<mi>P</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbb {C} P^{2}}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/fa144c2be4f8ebee850f9f7511427f34cfc373bf.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:4.554ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbb {C} P^{2}}" loading="lazy"></span> est l'<a href="Espace_projectif" title="Espace projectif">espace projectif</a> complexe de dimension deux. C'est une <a href="Vari%C3%A9t%C3%A9_complexe" title="Variété complexe">variété complexe</a> de dimension complexe 2, dans laquelle un point est décrit par trois coordonnées complexes non toutes nulles
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (Z_{1},Z_{2},Z_{3})\in \mathbb {C} ^{3},\qquad (Z_{1},Z_{2},Z_{3})\neq (0,0,0)}">
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<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
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<mi>Z</mi>
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<mo>,</mo>
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<mi>Z</mi>
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<mi>Z</mi>
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<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
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<mi mathvariant="double-struck">C</mi>
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<mo>,</mo>
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<mi>Z</mi>
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<mi>Z</mi>
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<mo>,</mo>
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<mi>Z</mi>
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<mo>≠<!-- ≠ --></mo>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (Z_{1},Z_{2},Z_{3})\in \mathbb {C} ^{3},\qquad (Z_{1},Z_{2},Z_{3})\neq (0,0,0)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/728fb1ed118ea018da9a332e701725b5d3e7616c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:45.32ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (Z_{1},Z_{2},Z_{3})\in \mathbb {C} ^{3},\qquad (Z_{1},Z_{2},Z_{3})\neq (0,0,0)}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>après identification des triplets par multiplication par un complexe non nul :
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (Z_{1},Z_{2},Z_{3})\sim (\lambda Z_{1},\lambda Z_{2},\lambda Z_{3})\quad (\lambda \in \mathbb {C} \setminus \{0\}).}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
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<mi>Z</mi>
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<mn>1</mn>
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<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>Z</mi>
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<mn>2</mn>
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<mo>,</mo>
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<mi>Z</mi>
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<mo>∼<!-- ∼ --></mo>
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<mo>,</mo>
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<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
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<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (Z_{1},Z_{2},Z_{3})\sim (\lambda Z_{1},\lambda Z_{2},\lambda Z_{3})\quad (\lambda \in \mathbb {C} \setminus \{0\}).}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e0aaf516f06390507ffdbf81ec7445da157ad054.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:47.104ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (Z_{1},Z_{2},Z_{3})\sim (\lambda Z_{1},\lambda Z_{2},\lambda Z_{3})\quad (\lambda \in \mathbb {C} \setminus \{0\}).}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Autrement dit, il s’agit de <a href="Coordonn%C3%A9es_homog%C3%A8nes" title="Coordonnées homogènes">coordonnées homogènes</a> au sens traditionnel de la <a href="G%C3%A9om%C3%A9trie_projective" title="Géométrie projective">géométrie projective</a>.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Topologie">Topologie</h2></div>
<p>Les <a href="Nombre_de_Betti" title="Nombre de Betti">nombres de Betti</a> du plan projectif complexe sont
</p>
<dl><dd>1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0...</dd></dl>
<p>c'est-à-dire, 0 en dimensions impaires et 1 en dimensions paires jusqu'à <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 2n=4}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>4</mn>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 2n=4}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/65ed8c6675ff82044a669571cc99dc13742ec554.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:6.818ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 2n=4}" loading="lazy"></span>, puis 0 au-delà.
</p><p>L'homologie en dimension 2 est représentée par la classe de la <a href="Droite_projective" title="Droite projective">droite projective</a> complexe, ou <a href="Sph%C3%A8re_de_Riemann" title="Sphère de Riemann">sphère de Riemann</a>, située dans le plan.
</p><p>Les groupes d'homotopie sans torsion du plan projectif complexe sont <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \pi _{2}=\pi _{5}=\mathbb {Z} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
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</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>5</mn>
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</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">Z</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \pi _{2}=\pi _{5}=\mathbb {Z} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5a8e1abe4fca240dbd959159d0fd6f7b5aeb4304.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:12.506ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \pi _{2}=\pi _{5}=\mathbb {Z} }" loading="lazy"></span> ; l'ensemble <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \pi _{0}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \pi _{0}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c00f5854464f99e26d9264b35295922f2c881177.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.379ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \pi _{0}}" loading="lazy"></span> est réduit à un point, le groupe fondamental <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \pi _{1}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \pi _{1}}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/542cbd3dacd0a061d666ed7fc4ed7ad15b47444b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.379ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \pi _{1}}" loading="lazy"></span> et les groupes <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \pi _{3}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \pi _{3}}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d4a078131a0c973b388cf10c0ac6d7598fe21578.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.379ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \pi _{3}}" loading="lazy"></span> et <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \pi _{4}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>4</mn>
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</msub>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \pi _{4}}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6333e5e60e1ffcaf45a11739a0cac9cc25fecf0f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.379ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \pi _{4}}" loading="lazy"></span> sont triviaux ; les groupes d'homotopie <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \pi _{k}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \pi _{k}}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1e8ff221c0357774336a9bd136e45ef96a7d31f9.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.414ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \pi _{k}}" loading="lazy"></span> pour <i>k</i> > 6 (et <i>k</i> ≠ 9) sont ceux de la 5-sphère, c'est-à-dire de torsion.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Géométrie_algébrique"><span id="G.C3.A9om.C3.A9trie_alg.C3.A9brique"></span>Géométrie algébrique</h2></div>
<p>En <a href="G%C3%A9om%C3%A9trie_birationnelle" title="Géométrie birationnelle">géométrie birationnelle</a>, on appelle <a href="Surface_rationnelle" title="Surface rationnelle">surface rationnelle</a> complexe toute <a href="Vari%C3%A9t%C3%A9_alg%C3%A9brique" title="Variété algébrique">variété algébrique</a> de dimension 2 qui est birationnellement équivalente au plan projectif complexe. On sait que toute variété rationnelle non singulière est obtenue à partir du plan par une suite d'<a href="%C3%89clatement_(math%C3%A9matiques)" title="Éclatement (mathématiques)">éclatements</a> (« <i>blow up</i> ») et de leurs inverses (« <i>blowing down</i> ») de courbes, lesquelles doivent être d'un type très particulier. Par exemple, on obtient une <a href="Quadrique" title="Quadrique">quadrique</a> complexe lisse dans <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbb {P} ^{3}(\mathbb {C} )}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">P</mi>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbb {P} ^{3}(\mathbb {C} )}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/36bad4adb747d660d2aaf18b509a9d38e8cba6d2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.962ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbb {P} ^{3}(\mathbb {C} )}" loading="lazy"></span> en éclatant deux points en des droites projectives, puis en contractant la droite qui relie ces deux points ; l'inverse de cette transformation peut être vue de la façon suivante : on choisit un point <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle P}">
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>P</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle P}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b4dc73bf40314945ff376bd363916a738548d40a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.745ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle P}" loading="lazy"></span> sur la quadrique, on l'éclate, puis on effectue une <a href="Projection_centrale" title="Projection centrale">projection centrale</a> de pôle <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle P}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>P</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle P}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b4dc73bf40314945ff376bd363916a738548d40a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.745ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle P}" loading="lazy"></span> sur un plan générique de <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbb {P} ^{3}(\mathbb {C} )}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">P</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">C</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbb {P} ^{3}(\mathbb {C} )}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/36bad4adb747d660d2aaf18b509a9d38e8cba6d2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.962ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbb {P} ^{3}(\mathbb {C} )}" loading="lazy"></span>.
</p><p>Le groupe des automorphismes birationnels du plan projectif complexe est appelé <a href="Groupe_de_Cremona" title="Groupe de Cremona">groupe de Cremona</a>.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Géométrie_différentielle"><span id="G.C3.A9om.C3.A9trie_diff.C3.A9rentielle"></span>Géométrie différentielle</h2></div>
<p>En tant que <a href="Vari%C3%A9t%C3%A9_riemannienne" title="Variété riemannienne">variété riemannienne</a>, le plan projectif complexe est une variété de dimension 4 dont la courbure sectionnelle est comprise entre 1 et 4, mais au sens large : autrement dit, les deux bornes sont atteintes, de sorte que le <a href="Th%C3%A9or%C3%A8me_de_la_sph%C3%A8re" title="Théorème de la sphère">théorème de la sphère</a> ne s'applique pas et, de fait, le plan projectif n'est pas une sphère. On peut normaliser la courbure de sorte à la pincer entre 1/4 et 1. Pour cette dernière normalisation, la surface plongée qu'est la droite projective complexe a une <a href="Courbure_de_Gauss" title="Courbure de Gauss">courbure de Gauss</a> égale à 1. Pour la première normalisation, le plan projectif réel plongé a une courbure de Gauss égale à 1.
</p><p>Un calcul explicite du <a href="Tenseur_de_Riemann" title="Tenseur de Riemann">tenseur de Riemann</a> et de la courbure de Ricci est donné dans la sous-section <i>n</i> = 2 de l'article en anglais sur la <a href="M%C3%A9trique_de_Fubini-Study" title="Métrique de Fubini-Study">métrique de Fubini-Study</a>.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Voir_aussi">Voir aussi</h2></div>
<ul><li><a href="Points_cycliques" title="Points cycliques">Points cycliques à l'infini</a></li>
<li><a href="Vari%C3%A9t%C3%A9_torique" title="Variété torique">Variété torique</a></li>
<li>Surface de del Pezzo</li>
<li>Faux plan projectif</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Références"><span id="R.C3.A9f.C3.A9rences"></span>Références</h2></div>
<div style="font-size:85%; padding-left:1.6em; margin:0.3em 0;"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Cet article est partiellement ou en totalité issu de l’article de Wikipédia en anglais intitulé <span class="">« <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_projective_plane?oldid=1256476125">Complex projective plane</a> » <small>(<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_projective_plane?action=history">voir la liste des auteurs</a>)</small></span>.</div>
<ul><li><span class="ouvrage" id="Springer1964"><span class="ouvrage" id="C._E._Springer1964">C. E. <span class="nom_auteur">Springer</span>, <cite class="italique">Geometry and analysis of projective spaces</cite>, <a href="W._H._Freeman_and_Company" title="W. H. Freeman and Company">W. H. Freeman and Company</a>, <time>1964</time>, 299 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <span class="nowrap">9780716704232</span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/geometryanalysis0000spri/page/n5/mode/2up">lire en ligne</a>)</small>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <span class="nowrap">140-143</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Geometry+and+analysis+of+projective+spaces&rft.pub=W.+H.+Freeman+and+Company&rft.aulast=Springer&rft.aufirst=C.+E.&rft.date=1964&rft.pages=140-143&rft.tpages=299&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3APlan+projectif+complexe"></span></span></span></li></ul>
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